Abu al-Abbas uncle of both Muhammad and Ali, establishes the Abbassid dynasty, captured Damascus in 750, dynasty: ended Arab dominance and helped make Islam a truly universal religion, under the early Abbassid empire of caliphs reached its greatest wealth and power, and Muslim civilization enjoyed a Golden Age Abu Bakr Muhammad's father-in-law; early convert to Islam; became first caliph after Muhammad, ruled from 632-634; faced crisis because many withdrew support of Islam, fought Ridda Wars against the other Arab tribes, able to unite Arab tribes under him al-Khwarizmi greatest Muslim mathematician, work pioneered the study of algebra, in the 800s, wrote a book that became a standard math book in Europe Nanak a guru of Sikhism who founded the religion; preached faith and devotion to one loving and merciful god, opposed narrow allegiance to particular creeds or rites and excessive pride in external religious observance Omar Khayyam famous in the Muslim world as a scholar and astronomer, is best know to westerners for the Rubaiyat: a collection of four-line poems, he meditates on fate and the fleeting nature of the world Sinan royal architect during Ottoman Empire and also a janizary military engineer, designed hundreds of mosques and palaces; most famous building is Selimiye Mosque at Edirne Suleiman shah of Ottoman Empire during the Golden Age Tamerlane invaders that descended from him that were known as the Mughals (a persianate form of Mongol); also known as Timur Augustus formed 2nd triumvirate with Marcus Lepidus and Marc Anthony, Caesar's grand-nephew; eventually took power from other 2 in triumvirate and named himself emperor, which officially started the empire; changed his name from Octavian to Caesar Augustus; reorganized the structure of the gov't and started Pax Romana Julius Caesar ambitious military commander; who was at first in control of Gaul (France); formed the 1st triumvirate with Marcus Crassus and Gauis Pompey and then became dictator for life; made many good reforms to Rome; feared by senators, stabbed to death on the Ides (15th) of March 44 CE Hannibal Carthaginian general, fought during 2nd and 3rd Punic Wars; had 15 years of success, but had to retreat to Carthage and was defeated there Jesus the founder of Christianity; according to the Christians the son of God and the messiah Odoacer Germanic general that sacks Rome and makes himself king Paul Main person who started Roman Catholicism because he started to really gain converts Ptolemy dynasty that ended with Cleopatra and started with a Macedonian commander under Alexander the Great who married an Egyptian princess Virgil classical Roman poet who wrote the Aeneid Neolithic Age shift beginning 10,000 years ago from hunter-gatherer societies to settled communities of farmers and artisans. Also called the Age of Agriculture, it witnessed the invention of farming, the domestication of plants and animals, and the development of technologies such as pottery and weaving. Neolithic comes from the Greek word meaning new stone nomads a society that does not settle down, it moves around searching for food and shelter Paleolithic Age earliest period when stone tools were used from about 1,000,000 BCE - 10,000 BCE; from the Greek meaning old stone domesticate to train animals for human use capital money for investment charter written document that set out the rights and privileges of a town chivalry code of conduct adopted by knights; required knights to be brave, loyal, and true to their word fief estate granted by lord to his vassal tithe tax equal to 1/10 of someone's income; Church required Christians to pay this secular worldly; not religious serf most peasants on a manor; bound to the land, couldn't be bought or sold usury practice of lending money with interest martyr someone who willingly dies for a cause mercenary soldier serving in a foreign army for pay messiah someone who is believed to come to rescue a group of people patrician an upper class citizen of Rome; have hereditary title, and are able to hold office; landowners who held most of the power plebeian a lower class citizen of Rome; don't have hereditary title; not able to hold office for a while, but eventually received that right; common farmers, artisans, and merchants who made up the majority of the population Archimedes Greek mathematician who invented Archimedes' screw, hydrostatics, the lever, and infinitesimals Aristotle Greek philosopher who was the student of Plato, teacher of Alexander the Great; Cleisthenes Greek leader of Athens who allowed the citizens to make laws Herodotus Greek; Father of History Homer Greek poet who wrote the Illiad and the Odyssey Solon Greek leader of Athens, who outlawed slavery, gave citizens more rights: they could be high officials in government Pythagoras invented Pythagorean Therom Sophocles Greek playwright who wrote: Oedipus the King, Antigone, and Oedipus at Colonus and others Prehistory, Ancient Civilizations: China, Egypt, India, and Mesopotamia, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Islam, and the Middle Ages
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