Flashcards › World Development and Interdependence

What is GNP? Gross National Product What problems are there with using GNP to measure development? It does not show differences within a country. What does MEDC mean? More Economically Developed Country What does LEDC mean? Less Economically Developed Country Why is the HDI useful to governments and the UN? It enables governments and the UN to identify areas for development and set targets. For example better health care to improve life expectancy. Why do you think Bangladesh has a lower literacy rate than Canada? Less children and particularly women go to school in Bangladesh. Canada is more developed so has more schools and children are able to go instead of working in agriculture. Why might Norway have a higher life expectancy than Sierra Leone? Better healthcare, water and working conditions in Norway. Sierra Leone has had wars and poorer healthcare. Name 3 indicators of development that describe MEDCs. Low birth rate, low infant mortality, long life expectancy, GNP over $5000, High Literacy Rates. Name 3 indicators of development that describe LEDCs. High infant mortality, fewer doctors, GNP under $2000, Most work in Primary sector, Lower full time education enrollment, rapid population increase, low literacy rates. Why is HDI useful to governments? It enables to set targets. e.g. Focus on ways to improve literacy rates. Name 5 types of Aid. Government, International Organisations, Voluntary, Short-term/ Emergency, Long-term/ Sustainable What is Sustainable Aid? Encourages the development of local skills and use of local raw materials. Trains local people to be teachers and nurses etc. Helps equip local agriculture and small scale industry. What is Emergency Aid? To cope with a natural hazard such as a flood or earthquake. Immediate help such as tents, clothes, medical supplies and shelter. What is Voluntary Aid? Non-governmental organizations such as charities which rely on people giving money. . Usually deals with emergencies. Encourages low cost schemes. Can be doctors, teachers and engineers volunteering to help. What is International Organization/ Multilateral Aid? Given by organizations such as The World Bank or IMF (International Monetary Fund). Helps LEDCs develop new crops, raw materials and industry. Most products go to MEDCs rather than be consumed in LEDCs. Not meant to be tied! What is Government or Bilateral Aid? Given directly by a richer country (donor) to a poorer country (recipient). Usually 'tied' meaning that the LEDC has to buy goods from the MEDC. Usually used for large schemes such as dams which takes the land of local people. LEDC can sometimes struggle to repay money so end up in debt. Why do LEDC recipent countries need aid? Short term: Food, shelter, medicine after a natural disaster or war. Long-term aid should encourage sustainable development by improving education and health standards, growing higher yield crops, developing small scale industry using appropriate technology. What are the disadvantages of aid for the recipient country? Aid rarely reaches the poorest people, who tend to live in rural areas due to corruption and inefficient officials. Aid can force countries to produce materials for MEDCs instead of food or developing industries for themselves. Some LEDCs come to rely on aid and some fall into debt if they are unable to repay the money. What is sustainable development? Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It should improve quality of life and standard of living. How can sustainable development be achieved? Encouraging development at a pace that a country can afford and manage. Developing technology that is appropriate to the skills, wealth and needs of local people and developing local skills. Using natural resources without harming the environment. Resource: 3 R's Reduce, Recycle or Replace. Given 5 examples of sustainable development: Family planning, Use of building materials that are locally available and efficient eg. Insulated to maintain heat, labor intensive projects, renewable energy, soil conservation, re-afforestation, organic farming, recycling materials, ecotourism, protecting scenery and wildlife habitats. Give 5 examples of non-sustainable of development: High birth rate, rapid urbanization, loss of countryside, use of fossil fuels, soil erosion, deforestation, pollution of water supplies and mass tourism. Give examples of appropriate technology for a village in India: Economic development without falling into debt, Encourage technology that uses existing skills and techniques, labour-intensive projects so that people have jobs instead of being replaced by machinery, developing materials that uses fewer materials, projects that in harmony with the environment, adopting low cost schemes such a water pumps, developing local crafts and industries, the 3 Rs (reduce, recycle and replace). How is sustainable development in MEDCs different to that in LEDCs? MEDC consume the most fossil fuels, minerals, and timber. Greatest contributor to global pollution. Sustainable development in MEDC countries tends to be high tech and expensive. Transport schemes to reduce pollution such at urban railways (metro) are an example. Give 5 examples of sustainable development on Ladakh, India. Solar power heats water, solar cookers made locally which are healthier, water from snowmelt used for irrigation and hydro power, wind power, ecological development centre trains people in traditional handicrafts, solar greenhouses to grow vegetables all year, locally made pumps can bring water to the village allowing more agriculture so the village can grow more food to become self-sufficient, houses are built with cavity walls filled to keep the heat. Name 5 MEDC countries. Norway, USA, UK, France, Japan, Australia, Switzerland,Sweden and Italy etc. Name 5 LEDC countries. Bangladesh, Ghana, Cambodia, Sierra Leone, Rwanda, Ethiopia, Somalia, Laos etc. What causes inequality between MEDCs and LEDCs? Economic: Countries with mineral deposits (iron ore) and energy resources (oil and coal) industrialized first so were able to develop manufacturing (secondary sector) enabling greater trade and further development. They were also able to impose trade restrictions on the LEDCs. Social:The more a country develops the more it can spend on education, healthcare, and transport infrastructure. Political: Stable governments which avoided civil war were more likely to develop faster. Environmental: Coun What ECONOMIC indicators should we expect to see in MEDCs? GNP over $5000 What ECONOMIC indicators should we expect to see in LEDCs? GNP under $2000 What SOCIAL indicators should we expect to see in MEDCs? Low birth rate (family planning) low infant mortality and long life expectancy (vaccines, medicines, hospitals, large number of doctors) What SOCIAL indicators should we expect to see in LEDCs? High birth rate (lack of family planning) rapid population increase, high infant mortality rate and shorter life expectancy (fewer doctors and hospitals) Education is an indicator of development. How is education in MEDCs different to LEDCs? MEDC: Majority full time education, 16+ education, high literacy rate (including women). LEDC: Fewer in full time education, few stay in education after 16, Low literacy rate and women are disadvantaged. Diet is an indicator of development. How is diet in MEDCs different to LEDCs? MEDC: Balanced diet, several meals a day, high protein intake. LEDC: Unbalanced diet, many under 5s are under fed, low protein diet due to dependency on cheaper staple foods such as rice and potatoes. Employment is an indicator of development. How is employment in MEDCs different to LEDCs? MEDC: Few jobs in primary sector (mining and agriculture) more in secondary (manufacturing) and tertiary (banking and office work). LEDC: Most in primary sector, few in secondary and tertiary sectors. Energy is an indicator of development. How is energy in MEDCs different to LEDCs? MEDC: High levels of consumption - mainly coal, oil, gas and nuclear power. Uses 70% of the world's energy. LEDC: Low levels of energy use. Often only fuel wood. Uses 30% of the world's energy. Trade is an indicator of development. How is trade in MEDCs different to LEDCs? MEDC: Large amounts of trade and mostly of manufactured goods which are more expensive. LEDC: Smaller amounts of trade and mostly in primary unprocessed goods such as grain, cotton, coffee etc. These are not as expensive. They are bought by MEDC's processed and sold back to LEDC at a higher cost. What is trade deficit? A country spends more on imports than it does on exports. This can lead to debt. What is a trade surplus? A country earns more money through exports than it spends on imports. The country becomes richer. Short-term aid can include? Food, shelter, medical supplies, clothes. What indicators can be used to measure differences between countries? GNP, birth rate, death rate, natural increase in population, infant mortality, life expectancy, population per doctor, literacy rate, calories per day, energy use, % in agriculture (primary sector.) Is sustainable development in MEDCs important? MEDCs consume most of the worlds non-renewable energy such as coal and oil. They create the most pollution and contribute to acid rain and the release of greenhouse gases. Name 5 disadvantages of bilateral aid. Bilateral aid is often 'tied' meaning that the LEDC (recipient) country has to buy goods from the MEDC (donor) country. Money is often spent on dams, and airports which damage the environment and force people to leave their homes. Corruption means that money often does not reach the poorer people living in rural areas. LEDCs get into debt and can't repay the money. LEDC countries come to rely on aid. Name 3 disadvantages of international aid. LEDCs become dependent on aid. Encourages farming and industry but the products are sent to MEDCs rather than used by LEDCs. Often 'tied' and rarely given to countries with political systems which are unfavorable. Name 2 disadvantages of non-governmental aid. Dependent on charity's ability to collect money. Amounts of money available changes from year to year meaning long-term projects are uncertain. Patterns and Characteristics of Development