Flashcards › OGT Vocabulary cards 1-50

Industrial Revolution The shift, beginning in England during the 18th century, from making goods by hand to making them by machine. Agricultural Revolution Dramatic improvement in farming methods in the early 1700s allowing for a greater production in food with less farming. Textile Cloth or clothing; The textile industry was the first to develop with large scale machines producing goods in factories. Industrialization The process of developing machine production of goods. Factors of production All the resources needed to produce industrialized goods and services. They include: Land, Labor, and Capital (money). Xenophobia Fear and/or hatred of foreigners. Capitalism Laissez-faire capitalism puts no government restrictions on the economy allowing business to operate free of regulations. Socialism Governmental economic system where the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the good of all. Communism Governmental economic system where all goods and sevices are to be publicly owned and private ownership should cease to exist. Monopoly A company that gains exclusive control of an industry. Sovereignty Ultimate governemental authority within a defined area. Unitary Sovereignty is held at a central location and not shared with local governments. Federal Sovereignty is divided and shared between a central government and more localized governments. Confederation Sovereignty is with localized government and the central government is weak. Laissez-faire Policy allowing businesses to act without interference from the government. Translates "to let do" Social Darwinism adaptation of Charles Darwin's scientific ideas to explain difference between rich and poor. Vertical Integration The purchase of companies producing the supplies and services upon which the main business depends. Horizontal Integration The purchase of competing companies in the same industry to gain a controlling share of the business. Urban Having to do with cities; dense populations. Rural Large area with sparse population, the country. Where farms are located. Radical A person, group, or idea that favors making extreme changes, usually political in nature. Entrepreneur A person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business. Corporation Business organizers raise capital (money) by selling shares of stock, certificates of ownership, in the company. Labor unions Associations of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages. Strike Refusing to work, in order to achieve a goal such as higher pay or better working conditions. Assembly line A line or factory workers and machines in which each worker puts together one part of a product, such as a car. When everyone has finished his job, the final product is ready to sell. Also called a "production line." Anti-Semitism Hatred of, discrimination toward, or a prejudice against Jews. Progressivism The ideas behind a number of movements to improve life for those who had suffered negative effects from industrialization. Mostly due to the rapid growth of poverty filled cities that resulted from industrialization. Suffrage The right to vote. Collective bargaining Negotiations of talks between a company and a union concerning wages, hours, and working conditions. Reform To improve or change something that is wrong or unsatisfactory. White-collar worker Usually someone from the middle class who has a clerical, business, or professional job. Blue-collar worker Someone from the working class, often a factory worker or someone who does heavy work or works with his or her hands. Working class The people whose work is manual. They may be skilled or unskilled labor. Standard of living Level of well-being of individuals or groups, based on characteristics such as education, income, healthcare, life expectancy, and available goods and services. Redistribute Distribute some resources again, in a different way; reallocate. Quota A number or percentage that is set as a minimum or maximum amount. For example, immigration laws often set limits on the numbers of immigrants from other countries permitted into the United States. Illiterate Unable to read and write Immigrant A person who enters a new country and makes it homes, often becoming a citizen of his new country. Treason Betraying of one's own country. A traitor is a person who betrays his/her own country. Presidential Democracy A government chosen by and responsible to its citizens. The head of the executive branch is chosen independently and acts as its own separate branch. The United States of America is an example. Parliamentary Democracy A governement chosen by and responsible to its citizens. The head of the executive branch is chosen by, and placed under the legislative branch. Cnada is an example. Absolute Monarchy A government ruled by a single person called king or queen who was given the job as a birthright. The king or queen has total power and is above the law. Constitutional Monarchy A government with a king or queen who received their job by birthright. The king or queen does NOT have total control of the government and must live under a set of laws which apply to everyone. Dictatorship A government led by one person who has complete control. A dictator takes the job by force and rules by fear. Theocracy A government in which some organized religion has say in government policies. Church or religious leaders use their power not just to make decisions for their faith by also for gorvernment matters. Scientific Revolution Major change in European thought in mid-1500s, in which the natural world was explained through observation and questioning of accepted beliefs. Occurred because of exploration and the printing press. Scientific Method A logical procedure for gathering information in which experimentation and observation are used to test a hypothese. Geocentric Theory Theory that the Earth was the center of the universe and that the sun, stars, and planets revolved around the Earth. Heliocentric Theory Theroy by Copernicus that the planets revolve sround the sun. The theory was proven by Galileo Galilei after he developed the telescope. The vocabulary words that will help prepare you for your OGT.