Cranial nerve I olfactory (sensory) Cranial nerve II optic (sensory) Cranial nerve III oculomotor (motor) Cranial nerve IV trochlear (motor) cranial nerve V trigeminal (motor and sensory) cranial nerve VI abducens (motor) cranial nerve VII facial (motor and sensory) cranial nerve VIII vestibulocochlear /auditory (sensory) cranial nerve IX glossopharyngeal (motor and sensory) cranial nerve X vagus (motor and sensory) cranial nerve XI accessory/shoulder (motor) cranial nerve XII hypoglossal (motor) CNS central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) PNS peripheral nervous system (nerves) 2 parts of the PNS sympathetic and parasympathetic efferent (motor) nerves transmit impulses away from the CNS afferent (sensory) nerves transmit impulses to the CNS CVA cerebrovascular accident (stroke) 2 types of CVA embolitic(thrombolytic) and hemorrhagic S/S or CVA weakness on one side of the body, headache, confusion, dizziness, blurry vision CVA can be diagnosed by CT scan, MRI, cerebral angiography, EEG tx for CVA medical intervention within 3 hours, anticoagulants(blood thinners), possible surgery TIA transient ischemic attack (mini strokes) S/S of TIA similar to those of a CVA symptoms last less than 24 hours epidural hematoma collection or mass of blood that forms between the skull and the dura mater subdural hematoma collection of blood that pools between the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane S/S of subdural or epidural hematomas neadaches, dilated pupils, Nausea and vomiting, drowsiness Tx for hematomas possible craniotomy, or for less severe just monitoring cerebral concussion bruising of the cerebral tissue S/S of cerebral concussion shallow respirations, decreased pulse, period of amnesia, headache, nausea, vomiting, photophobia, cerebral contusion more serious than a concussion. injury to the brain along the surface and below coup/contra-coup injury injury and opposing injury to the brain depressed skull fracture portion of the skull is broken and is pushed in on the brain Tx for depressed skull fracture craniotomy with replacement of the skull part after healing has taken place Paraplegia loss of nerve function at or below the waist, paralysis of the lower extremeties quadriplegia loss of nerve function at the cervical region resulting in paralysis of all 4 extremeties divisions of the spine cervical(7) thoracic(12) lumbar(5) sacral(5) coccyx(4) degenerative disc disease deterioration of an intervertebral disc tha may result in pain in the areas affected by the spinal nerves in the vertebral disc space S/S of Degenerative disc disease pain down the nerve path, constant back pain, potential loss of motor function, numbness and tingling diagnosis of degenerative disc disease Mri, myelogram, EMG tx of degenerative disc disease analgesics, NSAIDS, steroids, surgery in extreme cases herniated or bulging disc the nucleus pulposus ruptures through the wall and into the spinal canal tx for herniated or bulging discs heat or cold, analgesics, surgery when warranted spinal stenosis (sciatic nerve injury) compression fo the sciatic nerve caused by trauma, degeneration, or rupture S/S of spinal stenosis pain radiating don the leg, numbness or tingling, cephalgia headache migraine incapaciting headaches accompanied with other symptoms S/S of migraines Headache, nausea, vomiting, photophobia, flashing lights, or zig zagging lines Tx of migraines analgesics, dark quiet room, vasoconstrictors, antiemetics (for nausea) epilepsy chronic brain disorder characterized by sudden episodes of abnormal intense electrical activity in the brain which results in seizure activity 2 main types of seizures partial and generalized characteristics of partial seizures usually no loss of consciousness, lip smacking, involving one extremity characteristics of generalized seizures grand mal (tonic clonic) activity, also absence seizures treatment for grand mal seizures remove items that may injury the patient, do not put anything in their mouth, loosen restrictive clothing, turn on side after seizure, stay with patient post ictal state period after a tonic clonic seizure when patient is regaining wakefullness causes for seizures epilepsy, brain injury either present or past, cancer, infection, hypoglycemia parkinson's disease slowly progressive disease characterized by the onset of motor difficulties S/S of parkinson's disease tremor of thumb and forefinger(pill rolling), shuffling gait, muscular rigidity, postural instability tx of parkinson's disease levodopa, carbidopa, Physical therapy, supportive care huntington's chorea hereditary degenerative disease of the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia, progressive atrophy of the brain occurs ALS (amytrophic lateral sclerosis) Lou Gehrig disease progressive desctructive motor neuron disease that result in muscular atrophy S/S of ALS progressive weakness starting the extremities, and progressing to respiratory failure basilar skull fracture fracture of the floor of the cranial vault (what the brain sits on) S/S of basilar skull fracture CSF leaking from the nose and ears, raccoon eyes, and battle's sign (bruising behind the ears) peripheral neuritis/neuropathy degeneration of the peripheral nerves seen with durg/alcohol toxicity tic douloureux (trigeminal neuralgia) excruciating pain in thea rea of the 5th cranial nerve Bell's palsy disorder of the 7th cranial nerve s/s of bell's palsy facial droop, drooling, drooping of the eye sudden onset that improves with prompt treatment and can improve spontaneously meningitis inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord s/s of meningitis intense headache, vomiting, fever, stiff neck, photophobia ts for meningitis antibiotic therapy, quiet surroundings, pain control guillain-barre syndrome acute rapidly progressing disease of the spinal nerves. Begins with tingling of the hands and feet and progresses up the body brain tumors either primary or secondary tumors how is meningitis diagnosed lumbar puncture is done to obtain CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)and then looking for the presence of WBC, protein and glucose survival percentage for brain tumors 5 year rate is 32% Medical Terminology II diseases and conditions
A & P Chemistry of 