What are the 5 different elements of communication? message, feedback, sender/receiver, verbal/non-verbal symbols, and channels interpersonal communication communication between 2 or more people interference is anything that gets in the way of clear communication What are the 3 common types of interference? physical noise, psychological noise, and semantic noise physical noise consists of any sound that prevents a person from being heard psychological noise the thoughts and feelings that distract people from listening to what is said semantic noise the interference caused by words that trigger strong negative feelings against the speaker or the content of the speech What are the 3 different kinds of audience characteristics one must consider to maximize effective communication? individual characteristics, cultural characteristics, and sociological characteristics message consists of the ideas and the feelings that make up the content of communication sender the person who sends the message receiver the person who receives the message feedback a return message verbal symbols are words non-verbal symbols include gestures, facial expressions and sounds such as laughter, clapping, hissing, and whistling channels all messages are transmitted through these; the means of sending communication cultural characteristics you look at such things as age, religion, and national and ethnic backgrounds sociological characteristics you look at elements such as their affiliations, educational backgrounds, and occupations individual characteristics you look at such things as a person's personality, interests, and aspirations deductive approach you begin with your thesis and then present reasons to support it; typically moves from general to specific What are the 3 kinds of deductive approaches? Statement-of-Reasons Method, Problem-Solution Method, and Comparative Advantage Method inductive approach begin with your reasons and lead up to your thesis What are the 3 kinds of inductive approaches? Criteria-Satisfaction Method, Negative Method, and Moroe Motivated sequence Method Statement-of -Reasons Method classic deductive approach in which the thesis is stated directly and followed by supporting reasons Problem-Solution Method first present a problem and then offer at least one possible solution for that problem Comparative Advantage Method presents each reason as a benefit to the audience Criteria-Satisfaction Method has the purpose of getting the audience to agree to the soundness of certain criteria or standards Negative Method you show that no option other than the one you propose is acceptable Monroe Motivated Sequence Method developed by Professor Alan H. Monroe; is based on the premise that in order to convince an audience to act, a speaker must: draw attention to the problem, show a need for some action, outline a plan that will satisfy that need, help audience visualize benefits of the plan, suggest specific action that puts the plan into practice What are the 3 parts of a speech's introduction? What are the 3 parts of a speech's conclusion? transitional device are bridges between ideas; they connect parts of a speech and help to emphasize points your making What are the different organizational patterns that can be used for the body of a speech? What are the 4 factors that affect listening? physical and emotional state, the speaker, your prejudices, and the environment faulty reasoning may sound like a contradiction, but is all too common hasty generalization are conclusions or opinions that are drawn from very few observations or ignore exceptions begging the question means assuming the truth of a statement before it's proven false premises is a premise that is untrue or distorted false analogies draws invalid conclusions from weak or often far-fetched comparisions irrelevant evidence is information that has nothing to do with the argument being made propaganda is persuasion that deliberately discourages people from thinking for themselves transfer is a method that builds a connection between things that are not logically connected bandwagon encourages people to act because everyone else is doing it name-calling is labeling intended to arouse powerful negative feelings card-stacking is based on half-truths; presents only partial information in order to leave inaccurate impression stereotypes is a biased belief about a whole group of people based on insufficient or irrelevant evidence loaded words evoke, or draw out, very strong positive or negative attitudes toward a person, group, or idea emotional appeals statements used to arouse emotional reactions, can be appropriately used in persuasion What are the 4 methods of speech delivery? impromptu, manuscript, memorized, and extemporaneous impromptu given on the spur of the moment with no preparation manuscript is written out completely and read to the audience memorized is written out completely and recited word for word; is actually a manuscript speech committed to memory extemporaneous is fully outlined and practiced but not memorized; because the exact wording is left until the speech is given to the audience, the speaker's words sound spontaneous and natural stage fright is the nervousness that speaker's feel before and during the presentation of their speeches What are the 5 strategies a speaker can use to reduce stage fright before a speech? prepare for your speech carefully and completely, look your best, relax tense muscles, give yourself a pep talk, and be self-assured What are the 5 strategies a speaker can use to reduce stage fright during a speech? ignore queasiness, butterflies, and sweaty palms, and it will go away; speak slowly; practice opening lines beforehand; ignore perspiration, slight trembling, and perspiration, and it will go away; just finish the speech, ignore strong desire to quit appearance is how you look to your audience; two key features of appearance are your clothing and your grooming eye contact is the direct visual contact with the eyes of the members of your audience; good speakers look randomly at individuals and at groups of individuals distributed widely in the audience gestures when you are standing in front of an audience, you should use the same natural gestures that you use in ordinary conversation; begin with your hands in a neutral position and as you start to talk your hands will be free to move normally posture creates an impression of confidence and authority; start standing up straight with both feet firmly on the ground, as you speak you will naturally shift position, but never slump, slouch, or look sloppy vocalized pauses are the meaningless speech sounds that speakers use to fill time; most likely to occur when you are unprepared for a speech, searching for the right word, flustered or embarrassed, and in too much of a hurry; common examples: uh, um, well uh, and you know articulation is the shaping of distinct speech sounds into recognizable words pronunciation is the grouping and accenting of the sounds enunciation refers to the distinctness of the sounds you make diction word choice; refers to both the words a speaker selects and the specific ways in which the speaker uses these words How do you achieve good diction? use vivid language (create mental image for your audience), vary your vocabulary, be precise, specific, and concrete, be simple enough for your listeners to understand your message What are the 3 different kinds of microphones? standing microphone, hand-held microphone, and lavaliere/clip-on microphone standing microphone is a microphone attached to a stand or lectern; advantages: you don't have to hold anything; disadvantages: you can't move and it can become a distraction hand-held microphone gives you greater freedom of movement; advantages: greater freedom of movement; disadvantages: hard to juggle notes and mic, long cords get in the way lavaliere microphone much easier to use than a standing or hand-held mic because it hangs around your neck; advantages: greater freedom of movement, nothing to hold; disadvantages: wire can get in the way, wire looks bad clip-on microphone is attached to your clothing in such a way that it remains at the same distance from your mouth and at the same angle; advantages: greater freedom of movement, nothing to hold; disadvantages: wire can get in the way, wire looks bad audiovisual materials are resources that a speaker uses to clarify or add to the verbal presentation of a speech What should a speaker consider when making audiovisual aids? identify and select an image or a few words that capture and illustrate an important point of your speech; make the lettering or images on the visual aid large enough for your audience to see the information clearly, even at a distance; use color to emphasize meaningful details, to show contrast, or to indicate relationships among ideas What should a speaker consider when using audiovisual aids? Will you save time by using an audiovisual aid? Will an audiovisual aid help to clarify a point? Will an audiovisual aide help the audience remember a point? What are the 5 types of faulty reasoning? hasty generalizations, begging the question, false premises, false analogies, and irrelevant evidence What are the 7 types of propaganda? transfer, bandwagon, name-calling, card-stacking, stereotypes, loaded words, and emotional appeals
Vocab 7 